Pilot site evaluations of exoskeletons at small and medium-sized enterprises for usability and acceptance enhancement

Abstract Exoskeletons are increasingly recognised as a promising solution for reducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in industries where repetitive or physically demanding tasks remain unavoidable. Their potential is particularly relevant for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with low levels of automation, yet adoption has been slow. To address this, the EU EXSKALLERATE project aimed to accelerate the uptake of upper-body industrial exoskeletons by raising awareness, supporting innovation, and strengthening collaboration among SMEs and construction companies. This article presents findings from the EXSKALLERATE field study, which evaluated six passive upper-body exoskeleton models across four EU countries: Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The project conducted on-site demonstrations of devices such as the Eksovest, Skelex, and Laevo, focusing not on cross-country comparisons but on how effectively each exoskeleton supported workers in real operational tasks. Qualitative feedback was gathered from participants in construction, manufacturing, and logistics to capture both the benefits and limitations experienced during actual use. Workers widely reported reduced musculoskeletal strain, particularly in repetitive overhead and forward-bending tasks while also noting challenges related to comfort, fit, and mobility. These insights highlight the practical value of passive exoskeletons while underscoring areas needing further refinement. The study provides actionable recommendations and considerations for organisations exploring exoskeleton adoption and offers guidance to manufacturers for future design improvements. Overall, the findings support the continued promotion of exoskeleton technologies to enhance workplace safety, productivity, and long-term worker well-being within SMEs and similar industrial sectors.