Progress and challenges in alkaline water electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production

Water electrolysis has become more well-known as a clean way to produce hydrogen, which is generally seen as a sustainable energy vector, as the use of renewable energy sources grows. Alkaline electrolysis is the most well-known and commercially feasible of the several electrolysis techniques, backed by decades of scientific advancement and consistent performance. This paper examines current developments in alkaline electrolysis, emphasizing advancements in system-level integration, diaphragm materials, and electrode design that have improved overall performance. However, a number of issues still exist, such as low operating current densities, sluggish oxygen evolution reaction kinetics, and insufficient compatibility with the variable power output of renewable energy sources. The widespread use of alkaline electrolysis is nevertheless hampered by problems with big system footprints, lengthy start-up times, and limited operational flexibility under changing circumstances. The industry is changing due to the quick development of rival technologies such solid oxide electrolysis cells and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers, which highlights the necessity of ongoing innovation in alkaline electrolysis to maintain its relevance in the changing hydrogen economy. This assessment highlights the critical financial and technological obstacles that must be removed in order for alkaline electrolysis to realize its full potential in the production of renewable hydrogen.