Trends in reported animal bites and rabies-related mortality in Nepal (2014–2024): A descriptive analysis of national surveillance data

Objective: To assess national trends and the burden of animal bites in Nepal from 2014 to 2024, and estimate their impact using national surveillance data. Methods: We analyzed national Annual Health Reports from 2014 to 2024. Descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlations, and trend analyses were performed. Negative binomial regression modeled deaths due to overdispersion in count data. Results: An annual mean of 59 715 dog bites and 5 706 other animal bites were reported, with a mean of 275 848 anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) vials consumed and a mean of 17 deaths annually. Reported dog bite counts increased steadily over the study period, with an average annual rise of approximately 12 600 cases. Mortality varied across years and did not show a direct proportional relationship with dog bite volume. Spearman's correlation indicated only a partial correlation between reported bites and ARV consumption, suggesting a disconnect between exposure incidence and vaccine utilization. Conclusions: Dog bites account for the majority of cases, but other species may drive mortality. Strengthened One Health surveillance, equitable ARV distribution, and regional collaboration are required to meet rabies elimination goals.