Adoption of human augmentation technologies for non-medical applications: a systematic review of empirical literature

The digitalization of society is driving adoption of human augmentation (HA) technologies beyond medical applications. While market size and public interest grow, empirical research on the adoption of non-medical augmentation technologies remains fragmented. This systematic review analyzes 61 empirical studies following PRISMA guidelines, using the Theories, Context, Methods-Antecedents, Decisions, Outcomes (TCM-ADO) framework to map theoretical, contextual, methodological characteristics, and research findings. Based on Diffusion of Innovations theory, we propose an integrated framework capturing the functional, affective, ethical, technological, and societal factors that influence the adoption process. Findings reveal contrasts between current and prospective users. Current users, often highly educated and aligned with the transhumanist movement, view augmentation technologies as tools to advance human evolution. In contrast, prospective users face barriers including limited access, regulatory uncertainty, and ethical concerns, with some expressing value-based opposition grounded in religious beliefs. This systematic review of empirical studies provides guidance for future research on non-medical HA and their adoption.