Rhodiola rosea, Ginkgo biloba, and Ashwagandha as novel antidepressant supplements: converging monoaminergic, neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory, and brain health pathways in depressive disorders

Depressive disorder represents a multifaceted and intricate condition characterized by disturbances in monoaminergic signaling, neurotrophic support mechanisms, and the regulation of inflammatory processes. An increasing body of evidence indicates that natural bioactive compounds may provide adjunctive therapeutic advantages with a reduced incidence of adverse effects in comparison to traditional antidepressants. This review investigates the antidepressant efficacy of Rhodiola rosea , Ginkgo biloba , and Ashwagandha, three notable herbal supplements endowed with a variety of neurobiological actions. Rhodiola rosea is known to elevate monoamine concentrations and modulate pathways involved in the stress response, whereas Ginkgo biloba is recognized for its ability to enhance cerebral perfusion, safeguard against oxidative damage, and facilitate synaptic plasticity. Ashwagandha is distinguished by its robust adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, its capacity to diminish cortisol levels, and its role in promoting neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Collectively, these botanical agents target critical pathways associated with depression, encompassing serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic regulation, neurogenesis, mitochondrial functionality, and immunomodulatory processes. Preclinical studies and emerging clinical evidence suggest their potential in alleviating depressive symptoms, fostering resilience, and augmenting overall mental health. This review integrates mechanistic insights and translational findings, highlighting the promise of these natural compounds as adjunctive strategies in depression management.