An analysis of market concentration and efficiency in Vietnam's container ports

Purpose This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the structural evolution and competitiveness of Vietnam's container port system over the 2014–2023 period. It investigates how market concentration and port hierarchy have shifted in response to external shocks and assesses whether changes in market share align with improvements in operational efficiency. By focusing on both system-wide dynamics and port-level performance, the research seeks to inform national port development strategies and contribute to the global discourse on port resilience in emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach A combination of Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, shift-share analysis and super-efficiency data envelopment analysis was applied to 16 major Vietnamese ports. The methodology assesses changes in market share, rank mobility and the relationship between market dynamics and operational efficiency. Findings The results reveal a decline in market concentration and increased competitiveness of medium- and small- sized ports. Some ports improved their market share and efficiency simultaneously, while others showed a mismatch, indicating growth driven more by external factors than internal improvements. Originality/value This paper bridges the gap between market structure analysis and efficiency evaluation in an emerging economy context. It provides a replicable framework for assessing port system resilience and offers policy insights to enhance competitiveness through infrastructure and digital transformation.