Current Knowledge on Phytoremediation Potential of Industrial Hemp ( <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.) for PFAS and Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils

ABSTRACT This review synthesizes current research on the phytoremediation potential of industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) for heavy metals, including arsenic, aluminium, mercury, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc, as well as per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as “forever chemicals.” A structured and transparent review of interdisciplinary studies was conducted across greenhouse, field, hydroponic, and amendment‐based experiments. Findings indicate that hemp exhibits strong tolerance and accumulation capacity for cadmium, lead, and arsenic, with metal uptake primarily concentrated in roots. Cultivar differences significantly influence both uptake efficiency and biomass yield. PFAS uptake is selective, with higher bioconcentration observed for short‐chain and carboxylic acid compounds, although overall soil PFAS removal remains low to moderate. Remediation efficacy is modulated by soil properties, biosolid amendments, and microbial symbioses, which enhance PFAS bioavailability and plant tolerance. Comparative assessments reported in the literature suggest that hemp's rapid biomass production and adaptability may offer advantages over other phytoremediation species. However, limitations in PFAS degradation and ecological risks, such as PFAS accumulation in pollen, persist. Integration of soil amendments and microbial inoculants shows potential to enhance hemp growth rates and PFAS tolerance; however, further testing and field validation are required. This review underscores hemp's potential as a sustainable phytoremediation agent and a component of integrated PFAS remediation strategies, while highlighting the need for standardized protocols and risk assessments to ensure environmental safety and practical scalability.