Long-term ion release, fluoride recharge, pH modulation, and mechanical aging of an experimental ACP-based composite compared with contemporary bioactive restorative materials

Bioactive restorative materials exhibit distinct material-dependent behaviors. Alkasite-based systems showed balanced ion release and mechanical stability, fluoride-focused systems demonstrated superior recharge and reliability, and the ACP composite provided primarily short-term calcium-phosphate release with limited long-term durability.