Nanodrug delivery systems for targeted treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestines that poses a significant global public health challenge. IBD arises from a complex interplay among intestinal mucosal barrier disruption, chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Current treatments, although capable of alleviating symptoms, are limited by inadequate targeting, systemic side effects, high non-response rates, and the emergence of drug resistance. Recent advances in nanotechnology have driven the development of nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS), providing more precise and efficient strategies to address these limitations by improving bioavailability and minimizing off-target toxicity. In this review, we first summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms of IBD and critically evaluate the shortcomings of existing therapies. We then explore emerging NDDS strategies for mucosal barrier repair, anti-inflammatory effects, immune modulation, and microbiota regulation, supported by quantitative comparisons to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of each strategy. Moreover, we discussed the safety profile of NDDS and analyze key challenges and opportunities in clinical translation, thereby providing theoretical basis and practical directions for the precise nanotherapy of IBD in the future. Notably, we propose that multi-responsive NDDS, probiotic and gene editing tool-based delivery systems hold substantial promise for clinical application. By aligning NDDS design with IBD pathobiology, this review provides novel insights and a practical foundation for advancing precision nanotherapeutics in IBD management. • Summary of the pathological characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). • Analysis of limitations in current therapeutic agents for IBD. • Overview of existing nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS) for IBD treatment.