Integrated green valorization of Cananga flower waste via microwave-assisted extraction and multifunctional residue utilization

This study presents an integrated green valorization approach for Cananga odorata (genus macrophilia) flower waste by optimizing microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and applying the residual biomass for sustainable industrial uses. The extraction process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCD), achieving optimal conditions at 450 W microwave power, 0.4 cm material size, and 130 minutes, resulting in a 1.34% essential oil yield. Kinetic modelling identified the Weibull model as the best fit for describing the extraction process, reflecting a complex release mechanism. Post-extraction, the ethanol extract of the residual biomass demonstrated up to 78.6% corrosion inhibition efficiency on mild steel in 1 M HCl, attributed to polyphenolic content. Additionally, the pyrolyzed residue yielded biochar with a surface area of 322.4 m²/g and significant microwave absorption properties (minimum reflection loss of −28.5 dB at 11.3 GHz). The findings support a circular economy model by transforming biomass waste into high-value green products, integrating green technology and promoting collaborative sustainability through the Group Decision Support System (GDSS) framework. This study offers a scalable strategy for sustainable bioprocessing, contributing to green chemistry, waste valorization, and environmental innovation.