The Evolution of Visualization Technologies in Healthcare: A Bibliometric Analysis of Studies Published from 1994 to 2025

Healthcare visualization has become a crucial approach for interpreting complex medical data, supporting informed clinical decision-making, and enhancing public health management. However, existing reviews tend to focus on specific technologies or application scenarios, offering limited insight into the field’s overall knowledge structure, developmental trajectory, and interdisciplinary integration. To address this gap, this study systematically reviews 1121 publications from 1994 to 2025 indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection. By combining bibliometric analysis with qualitative assessment, it maps the field’s evolution and underlying research paradigms. The findings reveal a clear shift from early innovation in technical tools toward the realization of clinical value, giving rise to an integrated research system that connects technology, data, clinical practice, and public health. Recent research has progressed beyond initial explorations of medical imaging, standalone devices, and isolated techniques, moving instead toward core domains such as immersive medical visualization, medical data visualization and analytics, health information systems and decision support, AI-assisted epidemic prediction and diagnosis, and integrated IoT-based healthcare frameworks. Looking ahead, an assessment of future trends suggests that, among other directions, the deep integration of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) with visualization analysis, the development of IoT-driven real-time interactive systems, and the extension of visualization-enabled services from clinical applications toward inclusive population-level health coverage represent core driving forces for the future development of this field. These insights offer strategic guidance for future research, inform the design principles of next-generation visualization systems, and provide new models of interdisciplinary collaboration. The results also offer evidence-based support for health resource planning, technological innovation, and policy formulation.