The impact of schoolyard design on children’s physical activity and play preferences through a gender lens: a systematic review

Schoolyards play a crucial role in children's physical and cognitive development, as well as in fostering social interaction and overall well-being. This systematic review synthesises empirical studies, published between 2004 and 2024, examining the impact of schoolyard design on the physical activity and play preferences of children between the ages of 5 and 12 through a gender-sensitive lens. A systematic search in five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Dialnet, ERIC, and PubMed) was conducted in April 2024 and January 2025 following PRISMA guidelines. Of 984 records identi-fied, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings highlight the importance of diverse schoolyard features to enhance physical activity, reduce sedentary behaviour and foster gender equity. Key strategies for effective schoolyards interventions include increasing the availability of permanent play facilities, such as green spaces, loose equipment, swings, play structures, courts, coloured markings and climbing equipment, to create more engaging and inclusive outdoor environments.