Development of a Practical Nomogram for Depression Risk Stratification in Older Adults With Hypertension and Diabetes: Retrospective Analysis of Data From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

The 9-item nomogram enables <3-minute depression risk stratification in resource-limited primary care settings for adults with hypertension and diabetes. Functional decline, affective-cognitive burden, and socioeconomic disengagement constitute the dominant causal pathway. Prospective trials should examine whether interventions targeting postretirement social engagement and functional rehabilitation can reduce incident depression in this high-risk population.