Spin band geometry drives thermal spin magnetization and current

Generating spin magnetization and spin currents without magnetic or electric fields is a key frontier in spin caloritronics. Spin responses driven by thermal gradients offer a promising route, though the band geometric origin of intrinsic mechanisms, especially in non-magnetic materials, remains poorly understood. Here we develop a unified quantum theory of thermal spin magnetization and spin currents (including both the spin Seebeck and Nernst effects) in itinerant electrons, rooted in spin-band geometry and encompassing both Fermi-surface and Fermi-sea contributions. We identify two key geometric quantities: the spin-velocity metric tensor, which governs thermal spin magnetization, and the spin geometric tensor, combining spin Berry curvature and spin quantum metric, which generates thermal spin currents. Numerical calculations for chiral metal RhGe, antiferromagnet CuMnAs, and monolayer semiconductor MoS 2 demonstrate sizable thermal spin responses. Our results establish the band geometric origin of thermal spin transport and provide guiding principles for discovering and engineering next-generation spin caloritronic materials.