A Hybrid Multimodal Cancer Diagnostic Framework Integrating Deep Learning of Histopathology and Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Sensors

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Biopsy examination remains the gold standard for cancer diagnosis, relying on histopathological assessment of tissue samples to identify malignant changes. However, manual interpretation of histopathological slides is time-consuming, subjective, and susceptible to inter-observer variability. The digitization of histopathological images enables automated analysis and offers opportunities to support clinicians with more consistent and objective diagnostic tools. This study aims to enhance cancer diagnosis by proposing a hybrid framework that integrates deep-learning-based histopathological image analysis with Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) optical sensing for complementary tissue characterization. <b>Methods:</b> The proposed framework combines automated tumor classification from histopathological images with biochemical signal analysis obtained from WGM optical sensors. Deep learning models, including EfficientNet-B0, InceptionV3, and Vision Transformer (ViT), were employed for binary and multi-class tumor classification using the BreakHis dataset. To address class imbalance, a Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN) was utilized to generate synthetic histopathological images alongside conventional data augmentation techniques. In parallel, WGM optical sensors were incorporated to capture subtle tissue-specific signatures, with machine learning algorithms enabling automated feature extraction and classification of the acquired signals. <b>Results:</b> In multi-class classification, InceptionV3 combined with DCGAN-based augmentation achieved an accuracy of 94.45%, while binary classification reached 96.49%. Fine-tuned Vision Transformer models achieved a higher classification accuracy of 98% on the BreakHis dataset. The integration of WGM optical sensing provided additional biochemical information, offering complementary insights to image-based analysis and supporting more robust diagnostic decision-making. <b>Conclusions:</b> The proposed hybrid framework demonstrates the potential of combining deep-learning-based histopathological image analysis with WGM optical sensing to improve the accuracy and reliability of cancer classification. By integrating morphological and biochemical information, the framework offers a promising approach for enhanced, objective, and supportive cancer diagnostic systems.