Global Long-Term Cost Effectiveness of Newer Antidiabetic Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the substantial heterogeneity across studies and methodological limitations inherent to long-term economic modelling. Overall, NADs generally provide favourable long-term cost effectiveness, owing to their cardiovascular and renal benefits; however, recently introduced agents and early-line use tend to be cost effective only at higher willingness-to-pay thresholds or after significant price reductions. Future evaluations should integrate real-world evidence and advanced modelling to capture long-term impacts and incorporate context-specific affordability considerations to support equitable and sustainable adoption of newer antidiabetic therapies.