Current Evidence on the Role of Pediatric Dentists in the Multidisciplinary Management of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent and underdiagnosed condition associated with significant neurocognitive, behavioral, and systemic consequences. Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) in children range from primary snoring to OSA, with even mild forms increasingly linked to adverse outcomes. Given their frequent contact with pediatric patients, pediatric dentists and orthodontists are uniquely positioned to contribute to early identification and management within a multidisciplinary framework. Objectives: This narrative review aimed to summarize and critically appraise current evidence to clarify the clinical role, scope of practice, and responsibilities of pediatric dentists and orthodontists within the multidisciplinary management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE up to 1 November 2025. Review articles addressing the involvement of pediatric dentists and orthodontists in pediatric OSA were included. No restriction was applied to language or publication year. Two authors independently performed study selection and data extraction. The methodological quality and data extraction of the studies were structured according to the SANRA scale. Ten studies were deemed suitable for inclusion in the current review. After examination of the full texts, the available evidence was filtered into specific clinical domains aimed at clarifying the role of the pediatric dentist and orthodontist in the management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Qualitative thematic analysis of the included studies identified three main areas in which pediatric dentists and orthodontists contribute to the management of pediatric OSA. The first area involves screening through recognition of clinical signs and symptoms, use of validated questionnaires, and identification of craniofacial and occlusal features associated with increased airway risk. The second area concerns participation in the diagnostic-therapeutic pathway and multidisciplinary care, including timely referral, clinical documentation, and collaboration with pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and sleep specialists. The third area relates to orthodontic treatments such as rapid maxillary expansion and mandibular advancement appliances, which may provide adjunctive benefits in selected patients, although current evidence is limited by heterogeneity and growth-related confounding factors. Pediatric dentists and orthodontists play a pivotal yet complementary role in the management of pediatric OSA. In particular, all the involved specialists are encouraged to actively participate in the screening process, interdisciplinary communication, and diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making processes.