Factors influencing small ruminant colostrum quality: A comprehensive review from 2020 to present

Colostrum is the primary source of passive immunity and nutritional support for neonatal small ruminants. Its quality and quantity are influenced by multiple interrelated factors including breed, litter size, parity, environmental stressors, maternal nutrition, metabolic and health status and management practices. This review consolidates findings from 2020 to the present, highlighting the genetic, physiological, nutritional, and environmental determinants of colostrum formation and their implications for offspring viability. Heat stress, maternal health and undernutrition during late gestation can compromise colostrum synthesis, composition, or immunoglobulin transfer. Conversely, targeted dietary supplementation and melatonin implants have shown potential in enhancing colostrum immunological and nutritional quality. Given the challenges posed by climate change and intensifying production demands, optimizing colostrum quality through genetic, nutritional, and management interventions remains a priority for improving early-life health outcomes in small ruminant systems. • Colostrum synthesis in small ruminants is driven by multiple interacting factors • Breed, litter size and maternal nutrition shape colostrum yield and quality • Heat stress can impair colostrogenesis through metabolic and endocrine pathways • Enriched diets and melatonin implants can enhance colostrum quality • Omics tools can be used to enhance and select for colostrum traits