Advances in self-interlocking block systems for sustainable construction: a comprehensive review

The increasing demand for sustainable and efficient construction has prompted the development of innovative building systems, as conventional masonry is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and generates substantial material waste, leading to higher costs and environmental impacts. Self-locking block systems (SLBS) have emerged as a promising solution, offering enhanced productivity, adaptability, and sustainability in the construction sector. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of SLBS, focusing on their interlocking mechanisms, block geometries, material properties, and design concepts. It begins with an overview of fundamental principles and system topologies, followed by an examination of their contributions to innovative construction practices. The review further explores strategies for improving structural strength, durability, and environmental performance, including optimization of design, material selection, and manufacturing approaches. Key challenges hindering practical implementation, such as long-term durability, large-scale adoption, and cost efficiency, are also identified. By consolidating current knowledge and insights, this review establishes a foundation for advancing SLBS as an effective pathway toward more efficient, sustainable, and adaptable construction solutions.