Unlocking Circular Potential: A Systematic Exploration of Barriers to Recycling in the Protective Clothing Industry and Pathways Forward

ABSTRACT This study investigates barriers to adopting circular economy ( CE ) practices, specifically recycling, within the protective clothing industry (PCI). Through a systematic literature review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 framework, 70 peer‐reviewed articles were analyzed, identifying 655 barriers. These were categorized into 11 thematic clusters, with technical/technology, knowledge/awareness/education, and economic/financial barriers emerging as the most prominent. The findings of this research reveal a critical tension between stringent safety performance requirements and circularity goals, which complicates the adoption of recycling practices. This study highlights interdependencies among barriers, underscoring the need for integrated strategies. It contributes insights for policymakers and managers, advocating for harmonized standards, technological innovation, and collaborative business models to advance circularity. Theoretically, this study extends CE theory by introducing safety as a fundamental condition, redefining the limits of circular business models in the PCI. By addressing these challenges, the PCI can align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 9 and 12, fostering both sustainability and resilience.