Model of factors affecting self-management behaviors among pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, urban community in Bangkok: a structural equation modeling

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy, which can impact maternal and fetal health. Effective self-management is crucial for controlling blood sugar levels and reducing complications during pregnancy. This quantitative study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships among the variables. The sample included 583 participants recruited through random sampling from two hospital groups in Bangkok: hospitals under the Medical Services Department (Central Hospital, Charoenkrung Pracharak Hospital, Sirindhorn Hospital, and Ratchaphiphat Hospital) with antenatal care clinics and Vajira Hospital under Navamindradhiraj University. Health literacy (β = 0.427,p < .001), social support (β = 0.271,p < .001), and health locus of control (β = 0.351,p < .001) were positively correlated with self-management. Health literacy was associated with social support (β = 0.851,p < .001), and social support was associated with health locus of control (β = 0.684,p < .001), indicating indirect influences. These findings highlight the need for interventions to enhance these factors and improve GDM management. The results emphasize the need for tailored healthcare interventions to improve GDM management and optimize the pregnancy outcomes. Fostering health literacy, social support, and a health locus of control is essential for empowering pregnant women with GDM to manage their condition effectively.