Propane Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by Supported Group IV (Ti, Zr, Hf) Organometallics on Silicon Nitride

Mesoporous silicon nitride (Si3N4) enables access to chemisorbed group IV organometallics catalysts active for propane dehydrogenation (PDH) compared to the organometallic analogues on mesoporous silica under the same reaction conditions. The series of Si3N4-supported materials are active catalysts, (Zr > Hf > Ti kf = 290, 232, and 162 mol molMetal–1 h–1 at 450 °C with 2% C3H8 in Ar, respectively) with selectivity above 95%, demonstrating additional examples of Ti and Hf systems for PDH. However, the underlying mechanism of the improved performance relative to oxide supported homologues is not well-understood. Characterization of thermally treated samples (DRIFTS, XAS and SSNMR) and computational modeling of this catalyst series was utilized to differentiate between potential amido- (C–H activation along the M-N bond) and imido- (C–H activation along the M=N bond) mechanisms. Due to remaining mechanistic ambiguity, a Ga analogue was synthesized and evaluated for PDH activity as an indirect probe to experimentally differentiate pathways. An inversion of the oxide/nitride performance trend is observed for the Ga congener which does not form a Ga=N bond, most consistent with different mechanisms dictating the performance of the group IV/Si3N4 catalysts vs Ga/Si3N4.