Roles of human gut microbiota in metabolic, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases

The human gut harbors millions of microbes that constitute a highly complex microbial ecosystem. The gut microbiota (GM) is recognized as a crucial “virtual organ” that establishes multiple connections with various organs. This GM axis governs microbe- host interactions by interfacing with metabolic, immunological, humoral, endocrine, and neural pathways. The non-pathogenic microbes in the gut are linked to the host’s immune defense against pathogens and maintain a symbiotic relationship with the host. Consequently, dysbiosis of this community is associated with numerous human diseases, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, among others. The process underlying the development of these diseases is significantly associated with the host’s immune system, metabolic byproducts, and GM. However, the precise mechanism governing GM’s beneficial or detrimental effects remains largely ambiguous. Recent global studies have begun to elucidate the relationship between eubiosis and specific microbial species in health and disease. The current review focuses on the intricate interactions of GM, its significance in health and disease, and recent developments in the field. We also discuss the various potential methods that can be employed to modulate the GM.