Ocular complications associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) – Clinical evidence and insights

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are commonly treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs). However, there have been growing concerns over the possibility that these medications may result in ocular adverse events, such as nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Standard clinical care can overlook these potentially fatal adverse effects. The purpose of this review was to compile the most recent data on ocular side effects associated with GLP-1 RA therapy, assess their clinical relevance, and highlight necessary preventative and monitoring measures. A thorough search of the literature was conducted using Medline/PubMed/PMC, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. Relevant literature, including observational studies, randomized trials, case reports, and pharmacovigilance data, was selected for its discussion of GLP-1 RAs and associated eye-related adverse events. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 RA, has been associated in a number of studies and safety assessments with an increased risk of NAION and the progression of diabetic retinopathy, especially in patients with underlying eye disorders. Findings, however, were mixed because no statistically significant link was found in a number of cohort studies and meta-analyses. The necessity for additional research was supported by data from adverse event reporting systems that showed disproportionality signals. Clinicians should be mindful of the potential ocular hazards associated with GLP-1 RAs, even though these medications remain useful in treating T2DM and obesity. Closer ophthalmologic monitoring may be beneficial for patients with known diabetic eye problems. Further prospective research with well-defined ocular outcomes is required to elucidate these correlations and guarantee the secure administration of GLP-1 RAs.