Ecosystem parameters and resilience of community-based social enterprises in a South African township: The case of Soweto

Many social enterprises (SEs) in South African marginalized resource-constrained townships face significant obstacles that hinder their ability to sustainably contribute to community development. However, others survive and thrive. What explains their resilience and impact? Drawing on data from qualitative interviews and literature, this paper interrogates how SEs navigate challenges and contribute to community development in Soweto. Findings suggest that the regulatory environment, cooperation and co-production with (local) government, partnerships with corporates, and philanthropic activities of community members and foundations are the core ecosystem factors shaping SEs’ sustainability and impact. The paper contributes to the understanding of how social enterprises in marginalised urban contexts navigate and utilise these ecosystem factors, emphasising the importance of tailored policies and collaborations in the ecosystems for fostering community resilience.