Geo-Blockchain Intelligence Risk Assessment (GBIRA) technologies for secure and sustainable internet of geospatial big data computing ecosystems: a survey

Abstract In a world driven by geospatial big data, simulating past, present, and future scenarios is increasingly viable, giving rise to advanced geospatial intelligence sciences and technologies. These innovations enhance geospatial data management, which constitutes 80% of global data and is vital for addressing natural hazards like global warming and climate change, key areas of spatial big data research tied to environmental challenges. However, the growth of geospatial big data, associated with advancements in cloud computing, has increased cyberattack risks. Each technology for managing geospatial data has its complexities, benefits, and limitations. This paper examines Geo-Blockchain Intelligence Risk Assessment technologies, focusing on secure and sustainable geospatial big data computing for predicting environmental disasters in smart IoT ecosystems. It also explores new computing paradigms, providing robust capabilities to transform how environmental disasters and human responses interact through a comprehensive theoretical and scientific framework.