Recent technological advancements in <scp> H ₂ </scp> production from biomass and water splitting

Abstract Hydrogen is widely recognized as an essential element in achieving a net‐zero economy; however, the majority of global hydrogen production relies heavily on fossil fuels and employs highly polluting production techniques. Consequently, to meet the global targets of reducing fossil fuel consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions, hydrogen production from renewable and clean resources, including biomass and water, has attracted considerable attention. In this context, this review discusses the recent technological advancements in thermochemical conversion (gasification and supercritical water gasification) and biological conversion (dark fermentation and photo‐fermentation) of biomass, as well as chemical conversion (photocatalytic water splitting). This review also highlights the technical challenges and barriers faced by each hydrogen production technique and offers new insights into the selection of highly effective and suitable hydrogen production methods from biomass and its derived waste and from water.