HCA-DBN: a hill climbing optimized Deep Belief Network for crop yield classification based on kernel weight threshold

Accurate classification of maize yield potential is essential for food security and effective agricultural planning, particularly in regions characterized by environmental variability and socio-economic constraints. This study explores the binary classification of maize kernel weight into low (<25 g) and high (≥25 g) categories, utilizing plant and ear traits collected from an organic maize field experiment in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu ( n = 160). A Hybrid Cascade – Deep Belief Network (HCA-DBN) is proposed, utilizing the feature extraction capabilities of Deep Belief Networks (DBN) coupled with Hill Climbing Algorithm (HCA) as a lightweight hyperparameter tuning strategy. The model’s performance was benchmarked against standard classifiers including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, Decision Tree, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Support Vector Classifier (SVC). The proposed HCA-DBN achieved a peak classification accuracy of 94%, demonstrating its potential to outperform conventional baselines even under small sample conditions. Rigorous validation, including bootstrapping and stratified 10-fold cross-validation, confirmed the statistical stability of the results. While these findings serve as a proof-of-concept given the dataset constraints, this study contributes a methodological benchmark for field-based maize yield classification and provides a scalable framework for future validation on larger, multi-season datasets.