Secure and Resilient Clustered Federated Learning for Web-Enabled Healthcare Analytics Using Lightweight Blockchain and Adaptive Model Selection

The use of web-enabled healthcare analytics has broadened access to machine learning (ML)- and AI-driven cloud models, but it has also created privacy and security challenges. Federated learning (FL) has been used to address data privacy issues; however, deployments of current FL architectures rely on centralized aggregation approaches, thereby creating a single point of failure (SPoF), as a successful adversarial attack on the global model during training or inference can compromise the entire system. These approaches also assume homogeneous data distributions across clients and overlook the constraints and diversity of web-based analytics. To address those limitations, traditional blockchain-based FL systems incorporated distributed ledgers to record model updates and artifacts. However, using the chain as a data ledger to record model artifacts and logs increases consensus overhead and coordination costs. This paper introduces Blockchain-based Clustered Federated Learning (BCFL), an architecture-diverse and cluster-based FL framework. Our approach is coordinated by a lightweight permissioned ledger that eliminates the trusted central aggregator while preserving utility, robustness, and verifiable provenance in web-based healthcare analytics. BCFL records compact provenance metadata on-chain while keeping model parameters off-chain. In addition, by distributing trust across clusters, the design reduces the transfer of adversarial attacks across models by limiting the impact of malicious updates during training and improving reliability at inference time. Experiments on real-world healthcare data and other benchmarks show that BCFL improves the performance of trained AI/ML models and reduces attack success rates compared with several FL baselines.