Optimizing Head-Up Display Information Presentation for Older Drivers: Visual Attention Patterns and Design Implications

As population aging accelerates, age-related declines in visual sensitivity and attentional control make older drivers more vulnerable to suboptimal in-vehicle interface designs. Head-up displays (HUDs) are intended to reduce gaze shifts by overlaying information within the forward field of view, yet empirical evidence remains limited on how specific HUD presentation strategies reshape older drivers’ visual attention allocation. Grounded in theories of visual attention and cognitive load, this study systematically investigates three design variables that are increasingly common in contemporary HUDs (including AR-HUDs): (1) dynamic versus static navigation cues, (2) pedestrian warning strategies under different lighting conditions, and (3) the spatial placement of high-priority information. We first conducted a formative user study to define variables and operationalizations, and then carried out three within-subject driving-simulator experiments using controlled HUD stimuli and eye tracking. Objective gaze measures (e.g., fixation count, total fixation duration, and time to first fixation) were combined with subjective preference ratings to characterize attentional capture, search efficiency, and potential attentional costs. Findings reveal a robust trade-off: continuously changing navigation cues enhance attentional capture but can also increase attentional “stickiness,” unnecessarily consuming older drivers’ limited attentional resources. In pedestrian hazard tasks, real-time overlay warnings that were spatially aligned with the hazard significantly improved visual localization under low-light conditions, outperforming early warnings and multi-stage strategies. Across tasks and layout conditions, the central HUD region showed a stable attentional advantage—placing critical information centrally elicited greater visual attention and stronger subjective preference. These results provide mechanistic evidence for how HUD parameters modulate older drivers’ attention and yield actionable implications for prioritization, temporal pacing of dynamic navigation cues, and a “center-first” layout strategy to guide age-friendly HUD design.