Combating bovine mastitis: current insights and future directions for a global dairy challenge

Abstract. Bovine mastitis is a costly inflammatory condition of the mammary gland that continues to pose a significant threat to the dairy industry and food safety worldwide. This review summarizes our understanding of mastitis; its classification into clinical and subclinical forms; and the predominant bacterial pathogens that cause bovine mastitis, namely Staphylococcus species. The effects of mastitis on milk yield and composition, as well as its significant economic impact, are also examined. Emerging diagnostic biomarkers and the role of melatonin in regulating immune and antioxidant responses during infection are also included in this review. A critical review of control measures highlights the limitations of traditional antibiotic treatments due to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We investigate alternative methods, including improved herd management, nutrition, vaccinations, essential oil therapy, bacteriophage therapy, and nanotechnology. Finally, the research gaps identified in this review include genetic host susceptibility, the roles of the mammary and gut microbiomes, and the need for standardized clinical trials of novel therapies. This review seeks to assist in identifying a plan for expanded and new research on integrated, environmentally sustainable solutions for the prevention and control of mastitis.