When technology misaligns with work demands: a biomechanical and ergonomic field study of exoskeleton use in masonry

The use of exoskeletons in occupational settings has been proposed as a solution to reduce physical strain and improve ergonomics. This field study investigates the effect of a back-support exoskeleton on muscle activity, full-body kinematics and user acceptance among eighteen Danish masons during bricklaying. Eighteen participants completed a crossover study alternating between bricklaying with and without the exoskeleton. Using electromyography (EMG) and motion capture (Xsens), we assessed muscular activity and kinematics, while questionnaires evaluated acceptance and usability. Results showed negative effects on physical exposure, with increased muscular strain in the low back (5.2 %) during exoskeleton use. Although usability was rated positively, overall acceptance was low due to discomfort and workflow interference. Only 22% of participants expressed willingness to use the exoskeleton in the future. These findings highlight the challenges of implementing exoskeletons in dynamic and physically demanding trades such as masonry, where current designs may not suit multi-planar movements.