Proteomic Analysis in Search of New Biomarkers of Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)—A Review of Current Data

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a hematological disorder commonly found in individuals of any gender, race, or age. Patients with ITP will present with thrombocytopenia either in a primary form or because of an infection or a dysfunction in the immune system. The severity of ITP is linked to diminished production of platelets due to the blockage of production in the bone marrow niche and increased destruction of platelets, which confirms the diagnosis of the disorder. The investigation of the pathogenesis of ITP is of critical importance as it can give an important indication of the state of the patient, guiding us through risk assessment and treatment. Proteomics can provide tools to explore the protein profile of ITP. In this review, we aimed to uncover different biomarkers, both diagnostic and prognostic, that have been investigated with proteomic methodologies and that might help in understanding the pathogenesis of ITP and providing personalized treatment to patients. Several differentially abundant proteins were identified, including haptoglobin isoforms, heat shock proteins (HSPA6, HSPA8), integrin β3 (ITGB3), 14-3-3 protein eta (YWHAH), vitamin D-binding protein, fibrinogen chains, MYH9, and FETUB, which are involved in key signaling pathways, such as PI3K/akt, TNF-a, and mTOR, and they demonstrate potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Collectively, current data support the value of proteomics for uncovering the molecular landscape of ITP and guiding the development of precision diagnostics and personalized therapeutic strategies.