Technical lignins in polymer materials: A sustainable approach to advanced materials

Abstract Lignin, a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, is gaining attention as a renewable alternative to fossil-based materials in polymer composites. Its complex polyphenolic structure imparts antioxidant, antimicrobial, UV-resistant, and biodegradable properties, enabling its integration into thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers, often without extensive modification. Technical lignins from industrial processes such as Kraft, sulfite, and organosolv methods offer scalable feedstocks for sustainable materials. In plastics, lignin enhances mechanical, thermal, and aging resistance while supporting biodegradability; in rubber composites, it serves as both a reinforcing agent and a stabilizer against oxidation and UV degradation. Performance can be further improved through plasticization and compatibilization. This article also surveys patents, reflecting the growing industrial interest and commercial potential of lignin valorization. Graphical abstract