An evolving landscape: predictive and therapeutic biomarkers in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The incorporation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment landscape in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Comprehensive testing for actionable biomarkers, including immunohistochemistry, fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization, and next generation sequencing is critical for patients with NSCLC to ensure accurate therapeutic management. In this review, we summarize the methodology and molecular testing for oncogenic driver alterations in NSCLC, highlight current biomarkers in advanced NSCLC predictive of response to immunotherapy and targeted therapies with a focus on recent drug approvals, and discuss future directions in this rapidly advancing field.