Study Design in Clinical and Epidemiologic Research: Observational, Experimental, and Beyond
Population-based epidemiology and clinical research are complementary and mutually reinforcing: Epidemiology quantifies disease incidence/prevalence and elucidates environmental and social determinants in populations, whereas clinical research evaluates biomarkers, therapeutics, and prognostic outcomes in patients; their convergence underpins translational science, comparative effectiveness, real-world evidence, and precision dentistry.
Authors
- Maria Clotilde Carra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-3274)
- Gustavo G. Nascimento
- Ignacio Leiva‐Escobar
- Sebastian‐Edgar Baumeister
Institutions
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- University of Utah (US)
- University of Münster (DE)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité (FR)
- Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique (FR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Periodontal Research
- Published
- 2026-03-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.70105
- Primary Topic
- Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00