A Few-Shot Bearing Fault Diagnosis Method Integrating Improved Generative Adversarial Network and CNN-BiLSTM-Attention Hybrid Network

Artificial intelligence technology offers an intelligent and efficient new pathway for bearing fault diagnosis, holding significant importance for ensuring the stable operation of industrial systems. However, bearing fault samples are scarce in industrial practice, and traditional data-driven methods exhibit a marked decline in diagnostic performance under conditions of small sample sizes. To address this, this paper proposes a few-shot bearing fault diagnosis method that integrates an Improved Generative Adversarial Network with a CNN-BiLSTM-Attention hybrid network. The method comprises three core stages: in the data augmentation stage, a class-center-constrained Least Squares Generative Adversarial Network (CCC-LSGAN) model featuring class center constraint and joint loss optimization is proposed to generate high-quality fault samples through frequency-domain feature constraints, effectively expanding the training data; in the feature learning stage, a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory, and Attention hybrid network (1D-CNN-BiLSTM-Attention) hybrid base classifier is constructed, which combines multi-scale convolution, bidirectional temporal modeling, and attention mechanisms to fully extract the spatiotemporal features of vibration signals; in the inference stage, test-time noise augmentation and a multi-model weighted voting ensemble mechanism are introduced to enhance the robustness and generalization capability of the diagnosis. Experimental results based on the PU and CWRU public bearing datasets demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing mainstream diagnostic approaches in core metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. It achieves a diagnostic accuracy of 96.60% on the PU dataset and 98.58% on the CWRU dataset. This method verifies the feasibility of highly reliable diagnosis under few-shot conditions and provides an effective solution for the intelligent operation and maintenance of industrial equipment.