A simplified computational fluid dynamics investigation of internal duct as a passive aerodynamic solution for electric trucks

Aerodynamic drag is a dominant factor affecting the efficiency and driving range of electric trucks, especially at high speeds. Although previous studies have mainly focused on external drag-reduction devices, internal airflow control strategies such as integrated ducts have received limited attention. This study addresses that gap by analyzing how placing an internal duct in the truck body affects drag and power efficiency. A simplified two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was employed using ANSYS Fluent to evaluate and compare a baseline truck model and a modified configuration featuring a central internal duct. The simulations assessed the drag coefficient, drag force, propulsion power, and energy consumption over a wide range of inlet velocities (50–140 km/h). The results show that the ducted configuration consistently outperforms the baseline model, achieving up to a 7.5% reduction in drag force, 7.53% savings in energy consumption per kilometer, and an 8.2% extension in driving range at 140 km/h. These findings confirm the aerodynamic and energy-saving potential of internal ducting as a passive design strategy for heavy-duty electric vehicles.