The sedentary business of telemedicine: A review of ergonomic interventions for physicians working from home and recommendations to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders

Previous investigations of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and proper ergonomics in physicians have largely focused on interventionalists and surgeons, given the nature of their jobs. However, with the societal shift toward increased desk work and the widespread adoption of telemedicine, it is essential to examine the ergonomic challenges associated with remote care. Understanding and addressing these factors is critical to prevent musculoskeletal (MSK) strain among physicians and to ensure they can continue delivering high-quality patient care in the long run. Therefore, the goal of this review is to summarize recent interventions targeting ergonomic workspace improvements to mitigate WMSD in physicians practicing telemedicine. A database search was conducted in August 2024 using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus. Studies published in the last 15 years were included if they examined adults in interventional designs measuring musculoskeletal outcomes or sitting time. A total of 47 studies met the inclusion criteria, exploring various ergonomic interventions including: ergonomic training, active workstations, exercise programs, standing desks, backrests, ergonomic chairs, forearm supports, head-alignment devices, and biofeedback devices. Most studies had a positive impact on WMSD. This review highlights the importance of integrating movement, posture optimization, and personalized workspace adjustments to alleviate MSK discomfort and enhance workplace health for physicians.