Bridging the gap: Transport accessibility challenges and inclusive mobility outcomes for vulnerable groups in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

ABSTRACT Context background Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, is undergoing rapid urban expansion, leading to growing pressure on its transport systems. For residents in vulnerable groups—including women, older adults, and persons with disabilities, daily travel remains limited by physical, economic, and structural constraints. This study assessed the mobility experiences of these populations in selected wards of Ilala Municipality to identify barriers and recommend practical improvements. The study revealed a mismatch between transport design and the actual travel needs of these groups. Results support the need for accessible infrastructure, better last-mile connections, and user-friendly vehicle features that can improve daily mobility for a broader population. Goal and objectives The primary objective of this study is analyse the public transport accessibility challenges facing vulnerable groups in fast growing cities specifically in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. It explore the limitations in provision, management and sustainability of facilities and services in existing public transport systems. Methodology A mixed-methods approach was adopted in Gerezani, Mchikichini, and Ilala wards, selected for their location along major transport routes and proximity to both local bus services and the Bus Rapid Transit system. The sample included 420 respondents, evenly divided among the three target groups. Data were collected through household surveys, infrastructure assessments, and travel pattern observations. Additional information was obtained from government agencies and transport operators using structured institutional questionnaires. Mobile-based data collection using the Open Data Kit and Kobo Toolbox enabled real-time field data management. Quantitative data were processed using SPSS and Excel, while spatial patterns were analysed using QGIS Results Results showed that 61% of respondents walk more than one kilometre to reach public transport. Among persons with disabilities, 68% rely on motorcycles or tricycles due to limited access to conventional transport. Boarding challenges, long wait times, and inadequate pedestrian infrastructure were frequently reported, especially by older adults and women travelling during peak hours.