Blockchain Applications in Supply Chain

Abstract Modern supply chain management (SCM) is plagued by fragmentation, lack of transparency, and inefficient manual processes. Blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized, immutable, and transparent nature, offers a paradigm shift in how global trade is conducted. This paper provides an exhaustive analysis of blockchain applications in SCM. We explore the architectural transition from centralized to decentralized ledgers, the role of smart contracts in automating logistics, and the critical integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. Furthermore, we examine industry-specific case studies in the food, pharmaceutical, and automotive sectors. The paper concludes by addressing the socio-technical challenges of adoption, including scalability, interoperability, and the regulatory landscape, providing a roadmap for future research in autonomous supply chains.