Associations of parental academic achievement pressure, support, and school climate with hikikomori tendency among high school students

The findings indicate that family- and school-related contextual factors are meaningfully associated with adolescents' social withdrawal tendencies. While parental academic achievement pressure is linked to higher levels of hikikomori tendency, parental academic achievement support and a positive school climate are associated with lower levels of social withdrawal. Given the cross-sectional design of the study, these findings should be interpreted as correlational rather than causal. The results provide empirical support for the development of preventive and supportive practices within educational and mental health contexts.