Mitigating combined toxic effects of arsenic, ammonia, and high temperature through dietary Iron in fish

Overall, the findings demonstrate the potential of dietary iron as an effective strategy to enhance fish health and physiological resilience under multiple environmental stressors. The study provides mechanistic insights into how Fe supplementation modulates gene expression and cellular metabolic pathways to mitigate the toxic effects of ammonia, arsenic, and high temperature in <i>Pangasianodon hypophthalmus</i>.