The consequences of the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure on physiological processes in the uterus: novel insights and implications

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF), ranging from 1 Hz to 300 Hz, is prevalent in modern environments, yet its biological effects on the production remain insufficiently explored. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on ELF-EMF-induced alterations in the biological processes involved the uterus. It has been documented that the exposure to the ELF-EMF has been linked to significant changes in alterations of transcriptomic profile, histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNA pathways in the uterus, which may disrupt uterine contractility, secretory activity and hormonal signalling. Furthermore, the ELF-EMF influences myometrial and endometrial steroidogenesis, interferes with calcium ion channel regulation, elevates oxidative stress, apoptosis and cell proliferation, raising concerns about uterine tissues integrity. While direct evidence of ELF-EMF-induced tumorigenesis in the myometrium and the endometrium is lacking, its potential role in disrupting the mRNA transcript abundance involved in oxidative stress, apoptosis and cell proliferation underscores the need for further investigation. This review highlights the potential reproductive risks associated with the ELF-EMF exposure and calls for additional <i>in vivo</i> studies to elucidate its long-term effects on female fertility and reproductive health.