Climate change, ecosystem disruption, and disease emergence in the Himalayas and one health perspective

Climate change is a global crisis, but its impacts are particularly severe in fragile ecosystems such as the Himalayas. In recent decades, rising temperatures, glacial retreat, altered precipitation, and permafrost thaw have disrupted the ecological balance of this region. These changes have triggered northward shifts in plant and animal populations, increased encounters between native and invasive species, and contributed to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases in both humans and animals. This review highlights the ecological, epidemiological, and health-related consequences of climate change in the Himalayan region, with a special focus on the emergence of novel pathogens and vector-borne diseases. The release of ancient microbes from melting permafrost and changing vector dynamics poses new risks for disease spillover. To mitigate these threats, this paper advocates for the adoption of the One Health approach, which promotes collaboration among human, animal, and environmental health sectors. Strengthening this integrated framework is crucial for enhancing disease surveillance, improving resilience, and ensuring sustainable ecosystem health in the face of a changing climate.