Health literacy and urban–rural disparities: a cross-sectional study of access, adherence, and quality of life across the neurological spectrum

One-third of adults with neurological conditions in China have low health literacy, with pronounced socioeconomic and geographic disparities. These findings indicate that disadvantage accumulates through independent structural pathways, supporting multi-level interventions-including rural service expansion, universal health literacy precautions, and digital inclusion strategies-to achieve health equity.