Quality control strategy for differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic β-cells before transplantation

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells and the subsequent loss of insulin production. The regeneration of pancreatic β-cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a promising therapeutic approach for restoring β-cell function in T1DM patients. However, ensuring the safety, functionality, and genetic stability of iPSC-derived β-cells is crucial for their clinical application. To address this challenge, a comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify relevant studies published up to October 2025. It included an analysis of key regulatory documents from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency on Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (EMA ATMP), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This article proposes a comprehensive quality control (QC) strategy for differentiating iPSCs into pancreatic β-cells, emphasizing a tiered approach with multiple checkpoints throughout the process. The strategy integrates advanced molecular and functional assays to evaluate cell identity, viability, stability, and microbiological safety. The proposed QC framework allows for continuous monitoring, early detection of potential issues, and real-time adjustments to optimize the differentiation process. The flexibility of this approach ensures its adaptation to emerging scientific advancements and regulatory requirements. This integrated and adaptable QC strategy enhances the likelihood of success in generating functional β-cells, laying a solid foundation for the clinical application of iPSC-derived β-cell therapies and offering hope for effective, long-term treatments for T1DM.