Optimization of high-throughput methodology for pathogens detection and vectors identification In Culicidae of Northern Italy.

p. 41 with a p-value 0.05 and a fold change 1.5.Most differential proteins resulted as up-regulated in infected cells.Enrichment and pathway analyses of the up-regulated proteins in infected cells report the modulation of immune response and antigen presentation via phagosome and ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway; anti-viral response, inflammation and interferon signaling suggested especially by ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (ISG15), four protein species of interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 (MX1) and Non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO/NRB54); viral replication suggested by acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A (AN32A) and charged multivesicular body protein 2a (CHM2A); metabolic modulation by glycolysis, ATP biosynthesis and aerobic respiration.Analysing down-regulated proteins in infected cells by enrichment of process networks and pathway analysis highlight the regulation also of the unfolded protein response and apoptotic pathways via HSP60, HSP105 and nucleolin.In conclusion, proteomic data contribute to better define the molecular pathways underlying influenza A/H1N1-induced changes, potentially leading to the identification of targets for innovative therapies.This work was