Comparative Carbon Footprint Analysis of Normal Concrete and Engineered Cementitious Composite in Building Construction: A System-Level Assessment

The construction sector's substantial greenhouse gas emissions necessitate urgent adoption of low-carbon materials and design strategies. This research presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of carbon footprints between Normal Concrete (NC) and Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) across both material and structural system levels in low-rise and high-rise buildings. Using Life Cycle Assessment methodology aligned with ISO 14040/44 standards, the study evaluates two case buildings: a 3-storey residential structure and a 30-storey mixed-use tower. Results demonstrate that ECC achieves approximately 47% carbon reduction per cubic meter through high-volume fly ash incorporation. More significantly, system-level optimization enabled by ECC's superior mechanical properties yields up to 51% total structural carbon reduction in high-rise applications. The research integrates construction management implications, examining cost viability, scheduling impacts, and implementation barriers. Findings indicate that despite 15-20% higher initial material costs, lifecycle cost analysis reveals economic neutrality or slight advantage for ECC due to extended service life and reduced maintenance requirements. This work provides a practical framework for sustainable construction decision-making, particularly relevant for eco-sensitive and seismically active regions.