Trends in testing effect research: from lab to classroom, but not yet for all learners

Active retrieval leads to better learning outcomes than passive study. This perspective, in which we analyze 23,850 publications, reveals an increasing focus on the educational applications of this testing effect but limited attention to subpopulations with learning disabilities. Using dyslexia as a case study, we identify theoretical grounds to question whether testing effects generalize universally, highlighting the need for empirical research. Future research should examine benefits of testing in neurodiverse learners to develop tailored interventions.